{"id":239873,"date":"2026-04-23T13:40:10","date_gmt":"2026-04-23T17:40:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.salvemoslapatagonia.cl\/eng\/?p=239873"},"modified":"2026-04-23T13:51:48","modified_gmt":"2026-04-23T17:51:48","slug":"mongabay-ltam-salmon-farms-in-chiles-protected-areas-30-of-their-environmental-violations-occurred-in-national-parks-and-reserves","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.salvemoslapatagonia.cl\/eng\/noticias\/mongabay-ltam-salmon-farms-in-chiles-protected-areas-30-of-their-environmental-violations-occurred-in-national-parks-and-reserves\/","title":{"rendered":"[Mongabay Latam] Salmon farms in Chile\u2019s protected areas: 30% of their environmental violations occurred in national parks and reserves"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>By <span class=\"amp-wp-author author vcard\">Benjam\u00edn Bravo,<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"amp-wp-author author vcard\">Nicol\u00e1s Cerpa &amp; <\/span><span class=\"amp-wp-author author vcard\">Nicol\u00e1s Sep\u00falveda. Mongabay Latam, Apr 16, 2026. Photo by Nicol\u00e1s Sep\u00falveda.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The Superintendency of the Environment has initiated 70 enforcement proceedings against salmon farming companies for violations committed in protected areas between 2012 and 2025.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Some of the violations involve \u201cextremely serious\u201d environmental damage, according to the agency, and the fines can reach up to $1.5 million.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>The industry claims that excessive oversight is hurting its business and is counting on the new administration to deregulate the sector, as President Jos\u00e9 Antonio Kast promised.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Although regulations prohibit salmon farming in national parks, in practice the industry operates dozens of production facilities there.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It is an anomaly in the system, but within national parks and other areas protected by the Chilean government, dozens of salmon farming facilities are in operation, even though legislation originally prohibited such activities. Not only that, but environmental inspections have revealed that salmon farming companies have committed serious and extremely serious violations within these environmentally protected areas.<\/p>\n<p>Some 30% of the enforcement proceedings initiated by the Superintendency of the Environment (SMA) against salmon farming companies over the past 13 years target production facilities located within protected areas. Serious damage to the ecosystem has been detected there.<\/p>\n<p>For the past two years, Chile has been implementing a new law that established the National System for Biodiversity and Protected Areas (SBAP), which aims, among other things, to regulate oversight within national parks and reserves. Its implementation has sparked disputes between the salmon industry and the authorities responsible for its oversight.<\/p>\n<p>The industry, which according to internal company figures accounts for nearly 2% of Chile\u2019s GDP, claims that regulations in the country are excessive and are hindering its business. The other side of that story is the public data: in recent years, salmon farms have accumulated 710 complaints and disciplinary proceedings for allegedly violating regulations, as revealed by Mongabay Latam\u2019s investigation.<\/p>\n<p>For example, between March and June 2019, the salmon farming company Nova Austral\u2014then owned by a Norwegian investment fund\u2014artificially altered the water column and seabed at its salmon farm located on Capit\u00e1n Aracena Island in the Magallanes Region, within Alberto de Agostini National Park.<\/p>\n<p>The alteration was allegedly intended to conceal the environmental damage caused by the salmon farm. According to the charges filed by the SMA, Nova Austral hired the company Marine Duty to clean the seabed by adding sand and an oxidizing chemical agent. In July 2021, the SMA imposed a fine of approximately $1.1 million, based on the exchange rate at the time. In 2024, the Valdivia Court of Appeals upheld the penalty.<\/p>\n<p>This is not an isolated case. Mongabay Latam created its own database based on records from the National Environmental Enforcement Information System (Snifa). The results speak for themselves: of the 235 sanction proceedings initiated by the SMA against salmon farming companies since the agency began operations in late 2012 through 2025, 70 (30%) are related to incidents in protected areas.<\/p>\n<h3>Why is salmon farming allowed in protected areas?<\/h3>\n<p>A survey conducted by the Alliance for the Defense of Protected Areas\u2014which is part of the \u201cSave Patagonia\u201d campaign, which seeks to eliminate salmon farming concessions in national parks and reserves\u2014concluded, in a study published in July 2024, that there are 399 concessions granted within protected areas. They reached this conclusion after analyzing official databases from the National Fisheries and Aquaculture Service (Sernapesca) and the ministries of the Environment, National Assets, and Defense.<\/p>\n<p>How is it possible that there are concessions within national parks and reserves despite the fact that they are protected areas?<\/p>\n<p>In the case of national parks, Chilean law is explicit: salmon farming is prohibited. This has been the case since 1989, but it is not enforced.<\/p>\n<p>In 2013, the Comptroller\u2019s Office issued a ruling clarifying that salmon farming was not permitted within national parks. This followed a request from the government at the time (led by Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era) to clarify the matter. But by then, salmon farming was already taking place within the parks, with state approval.<\/p>\n<p>A 2022 study by Austral University found that there are 26 salmon farming concessions within national parks in the Ays\u00e9n and Magallanes regions. The registry compiled by the Alliance for the Defense of Protected Areas, published two years later, revises that figure to 25 within the Alberto de Agostini, Isla Magdalena, and Laguna San Rafael national parks. The study specifies that, according to data from the Undersecretariat for the Armed Forces (SSFFAA), \u201cthe concessions began to be granted in 1998, that is, after the creation of these national parks.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/imgs.mongabay.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2026\/03\/04211558\/IMG_0216-768x512.jpg\" alt=\"En Chile las salmoneras se resisten a cumplir las reglas: acumulan 710 denuncias y procesos sancionatorios\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Sernapesca inspection at a salmon grow-out facility. Photo: Nicol\u00e1s Sep\u00falveda<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The fact that a concession has been granted does not mean that a salmon farm is operating there, but it does mean that permission exists for such activity to take place\u2014and, in fact, it does. Mongabay Latam reviewed SMA databases and determined that 11 sanction proceedings have been initiated for salmon farming activities within national parks. Primarily for overproducing salmon beyond the limits established by environmental permits. The affected national parks are Alberto de Agostini, Melimoyu, Isla Magdalena, and Laguna San Rafael.<\/p>\n<p>Irregularities in the salmon industry detected by the SMA within other protected areas (such as national or forest reserves) drive the numbers up. But regulation is different there.<\/p>\n<p>Chilean regulations have changed over time. In 1989, the law established that state-protected areas would be excluded \u201cfrom all extractive fishing and aquaculture activities,\u201d but in 2002, during the administration of Ricardo Lagos, the door was opened to the industry. Through a single-article law, salmon farming was permitted within national and forest reserves, \u201csubject to authorization by the competent authorities.\u201d This permission has been maintained in regulatory changes in recent years.<\/p>\n<p>The SMA has initiated 59 enforcement proceedings against salmon farming companies operating within national reserves. When combined with the 11 proceedings in national parks, this brings the total to 70 proceedings in protected areas.<\/p>\n<p>For Flavia Liberona, executive director of Fundaci\u00f3n Terram, this is a flagrant violation of international treaties: \u201cDue to the lack of transparency with which public agencies have operated for decades, concessions were granted for salmon farming within protected areas. This should never have happened, as it was the very institutions responsible for safeguarding the country\u2019s natural heritage that endorsed the development of this industry within protected areas, thereby violating the Washington Convention and the Environmental Law [No. 19,300] itself.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The Undersecretariat of Fisheries and the Undersecretariat of the Armed Forces, government institutions involved in the process of granting salmon farming concessions, were not available to answer questions for this report.<\/p>\n<p>According to the Austral University study, in 2022 there were 467 salmon farming concessions within reserves, in the Ays\u00e9n and Magallanes regions alone. This figure is higher than that recorded by the Alliance for the Defense of Protected Areas, which is explained by the fact that the Alliance\u2019s study considered only granted concessions, whereas Austral University counted all concessions, including those pending approval.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/imgs.mongabay.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/08\/17003629\/MKohut_WWF_CHILE_AQUACHILE_SALMON_FARM--768x512.jpg\" alt=\"Cultivos de salmones. Foto: WWF Chile - Meridith Kohut.\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Salmon farms. Photo: Courtesy of WWF Chile\/Meridith Kohut<\/em><\/p>\n<h3>Serious Violations Within National Parks<\/h3>\n<p>Of the 11 enforcement proceedings initiated by the SMA against salmon farms operating within national parks, seven are against Nova Austral, the company that was owned by the Larta investment fund until 2024 and is currently under the control of its creditors.<\/p>\n<p>Violations of regulations contributed to this change in ownership. Between 2016 and 2019, the company allegedly provided false information to the regulator regarding environmental indicators and fish mortality rates, which, upon discovery, led to criminal investigations. The State Defense Council sought fines totaling nearly 30 billion pesos (about $33 million, at current exchange rates) and prison sentences for five former executives, reported Diario Financiero.<\/p>\n<p>The cases against the company listed in the SMA database indicate that within Alberto de Agostini National Park, located in the Magallanes region, there was overproduction of salmon and contamination of the seabed. The company did not respond to Mongabay Latam\u2019s inquiry.<\/p>\n<p>But Nova Austral is not the only one.<\/p>\n<p>Next is Exportadora Los Fiordos, a subsidiary of Agrosuper\u2014one of Chile\u2019s largest food producers\u2014which faces two disciplinary proceedings. One is located within Melimoyu National Park, and the other in an area bordering Queulat and Isla Magdalena National Parks. All are within the Ays\u00e9n Region. Both proceedings stem from alleged irregularities in the handling of dead salmon during the production process. As experts warn, poor management of mortality at the facilities can seriously harm the ecosystem. For example, the decomposition of fish in the sea can affect oxygen levels and release toxic gases.<\/p>\n<p>The company did not respond to questions from this publication.<\/p>\n<p>AquaChile\u2014which is also owned by Agrosuper and is the country\u2019s largest salmon farm and the second-largest in the world, according to its website\u2014operates a production facility in Isla Magdalena National Park. The company faces a sanctioning process initiated in 2024 for allegedly producing more salmon than permitted by its environmental permit. AquaChile also did not respond to Mongabay Latam\u2019s inquiry.<\/p>\n<p>When environmental permits are granted, they take into account the area where the project will be carried out and set a production limit based on the characteristics of the site, with the aim of minimizing environmental damage. For this reason, the SMA classifies the practice of overproduction as \u201cserious\u201d or \u201cextremely serious.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/imgs.mongabay.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2021\/02\/12200248\/Salmon-farming-in-Patagonia_Nicola%CC%81s-Mun%CC%83oz-4-768x512.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Salmon farms in Chilean Patagonia. Photo: courtesy of Nicol\u00e1s Mu\u00f1oz\/Centro Ballena Azul\/Universidad Austral de Chile<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Overproducing salmon beyond established limits has several consequences for the marine ecosystem.<\/p>\n<p>Scientific research has shown that one of the biggest problems in salmon farming is when oxygen in the water runs out, causing marine life to die. This happens when fish feces and uneaten feed accumulate beneath the net pens where the salmon are raised. Both feces and feed are nutrients, and therefore, when they accumulate, they trigger a bloom of microalgae that are consumed by bacteria which deplete oxygen\u2014a phenomenon known as hypoxia.<\/p>\n<p>An excess of salmon, beyond authorized levels, can exacerbate this problem. Despite this, a report by Mongabay Latam warned that overproduction is the industry\u2019s primary regulatory violation.<\/p>\n<p>In Laguna San Rafael National Park\u2014located in the Ays\u00e9n region (Chilean Patagonia) and home to species such as the river otter (Lontra provocax), classified as Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)\u2014the Canadian company Cooke Aquaculture operates two salmon production facilities that were sanctioned by the SMA.<\/p>\n<p>It was found that these facilities contained structures\u2014such as grow-out modules, a pontoon (a vessel housing offices, storage areas, and operations rooms), and platforms where dead salmon are processed\u2014that were located outside the permitted concession area. In addition, the SMA reported that there was pollution on nearby beaches.<\/p>\n<p>One of the most serious violations was the level of overproduction detected at these facilities. While the authorized production at the Huillines 2 Salmon Fattening Center was 375 tons, in 2013 they produced 6,880; in 2016, 5,306; and in 2020, 4,826. At the company\u2019s other facility, \u201cHuillines 3,\u201d the situation was similar: thousands of tons above the authorized limit.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/imgs.mongabay.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/19015947\/patagoniaplanet-768x512.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Kaw\u00e9sqar National Reserve. Photo: patagoniaplanet<\/em><\/p>\n<p>According to the SMA\u2019s reasoning, Cooke sought to circumvent environmental regulations, since\u2014having authorization to produce relatively low volumes of salmon (375 and 125 tons at each facility)\u2014the facilities were not required to undergo the environmental assessment process. But after the actual production levels were detected, the authority determined that \u201cthe company\u2019s conduct demonstrates an unequivocal and unquestionable intent to modify its project by increasing production at each facility (\u2026) having consistently and continuously produced above authorized levels over several production cycles.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The proceedings brought nine charges against Cooke. Although the case began in 2021, sanctions were not imposed until late 2025, and they rank among the most severe ever recorded by the system. The fine was set at approximately $1.5 million, in addition to the closure of the facilities located within Laguna San Rafael National Park.<\/p>\n<p>In any case, the company can still appeal to the courts, which is a common practice in the industry when facing sanctions from the environmental authority.<\/p>\n<p>Cooke\u2019s interpretation differs. In the written responses the company submitted for this investigation, it stated that, in its view, the Huillines 2 and 3 production centers\u2014where the SMA detected overproduction\u2014are not located within Laguna San Rafael National Park, a position that differs from that of the regulatory authority. Despite this interpretation, the company says it is willing to relocate those centers: \u201cCooke has always been willing to voluntarily relocate its farming centers, which are not located in protected areas\u201d and maintains that it is doing so \u201cwith the aim of sending a clear signal of collaboration with the Chilean government in its effort to strengthen the protection of certain areas of natural significance located near our facilities,\u201d Cooke stated, adding that in December 2023 they submitted a request to relocate their facilities, a process that is still pending.<\/p>\n<p>Regarding the penalties imposed by the SMA, Cooke notes that this is a matter of differing interpretations with the authorities: \u201cAs for the legal disputes with the SMA, these have centered on differing interpretations of the authorized production quota. Although Cooke has a specific annual production quota, expressly and formally authorized by the Undersecretariat of Fisheries and Aquaculture, the SMA authorities have an interpretation that differs from that established by the aquaculture authority. This inconsistency between the interpretations of two government agencies is what has been brought before the appropriate courts for clarification.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/imgs.mongabay.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/08\/17003620\/Centro-de-cultivo-salmo%CC%81n-en-el-mar_Puerto-Cisnes-c-Denisse-Mardones-WWF-Chile-768x512.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Salmon farm in Chile. Photo: courtesy of WWF Chile\/Denisse Mardones<\/em><\/p>\n<h3>Overproduction in Protected Areas<\/h3>\n<p>Of the 235 enforcement proceedings initiated by the Superintendency of the Environment (SMA) against salmon farming companies over the past decade, at least 70 have occurred in protected areas (including parks and other conservation areas), according to a database compiled by Mongabay Latam. Most have been concentrated in two areas: the Kaw\u00e9sqar National Reserve in the Magallanes region, where, according to figures compiled by the Austral Patagonia Program at the Universidad Austral, there are currently 130 salmon concessions; and the Las Guaitecas National Reserve in the Ays\u00e9n region, which has 337 concessions.<\/p>\n<p>The Kaw\u00e9sqar National Reserve is the main gateway to Torres del Paine (a national park that has drawn the attention of global tourism in recent years). Covering an area of nearly 3,000,000 hectares, Kaw\u00e9sqar is home to marine species such as the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), whales including the humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae), sei (Balaenoptera borealis), and blue (Balaenoptera musculus); four different types of dolphins, sea lions and elephant seals, penguins, and various seabirds such as the black-browed albatross, the storm petrel, and the cormorant. There are also glaciers, forests, and salmon fishing.<\/p>\n<p>Between 2021 and 2025, the SMA has initiated at least 32 enforcement proceedings against aquaculture companies that are alleged to have committed violations at facilities located within this national reserve. According to a review by Mongabay Latam, all of these cases involve exceeding the maximum authorized salmon production limits set in the respective environmental permits. Among the companies alleged to have violated the regulations are Cermaq Chile, Salmones Blumar, Australis Seafoods, AquaChile, MultiExport Foods, Salmones Islas del Sur, and Acu\u00edcola Cordillera.<\/p>\n<p>The same situation is repeated in the Las Guaitecas National Reserve, which is part of the Los Chonos archipelago in the Ays\u00e9n Region. It covers an area of over one million hectares and is home to whales, sea lions, penguins, and chungungos. The SMA initiated 27 sanctioning proceedings for irregularities committed there by the companies Exportadora Los Fiordos, Multi X, Australis Seafoods, Cultivos Yadran, Salmones Humboldt, Fiordo Azul, and Salmones Blumar between 2015 and 2025.<\/p>\n<p>These companies did not respond to this publication\u2019s questions.<\/p>\n<p>While scientists, environmentalists, communities, regulators, business leaders, and salmon industry associations debate whether there should be more or fewer controls on the development of this industry, Jos\u00e9 Antonio Kast\u2019s government has taken office in Chile, bringing with it an explicit promise to deregulate the sector in order to boost economic activity.<\/p>\n<p><i>Translated with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.deepl.com\/?utm_campaign=product&amp;utm_source=web_translator&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;utm_content=copy_free_translation\">DeepL.com<\/a> \/ Read in spanish in <a href=\"https:\/\/es.mongabay.com\/2026\/04\/salmoneras-areas-protegidas-chile-infracciones-ambientales-parques-reservas-nacionales\/amp\/\">Mongabay Latam<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Benjam\u00edn Bravo,\u00a0Nicol\u00e1s Cerpa &amp; Nicol\u00e1s Sep\u00falveda. Mongabay Latam, Apr 16, 2026. Photo by Nicol\u00e1s Sep\u00falveda. The Superintendency of the Environment has initiated 70 enforcement proceedings against salmon farming companies for violations committed in protected areas between 2012 and 2025. Some of the violations involve \u201cextremely serious\u201d environmental damage, according to the agency, and the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":239875,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[27,9,24,23,19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-239873","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-home","category-news","category-protected-areas","category-legal-non-compliance","category-current-events"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Salvemos la Patagonia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Campa\u00f1a para sacar a la salmonicultura de las \u00e1reas protegidas de la Patagonia chilena, sin relocalizaci\u00f3n.\" \/>\n<meta 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